Staking and mining income

Last verified	Status
28-10-2026	approved by the owner (accountant), 28-10-2026

Not tax advice. Summarised from official sources, linked where each rule is stated, as verified on the date above. Confirm with a qualified adviser before filing.

At a glance#

Country	Taxed when	Treated as	Rate / band	Valuation	Later sale
Australia	Staking: on receipt	Ordinary income	Marginal rates plus Medicare levy	AUD market value at receipt	CGT event. Cost base = value at receipt. 50% discount if held 12 months or more
Canada	Mining: when earned. Exchange staking: when credited	Mining: business income "in most cases". Exchange staking: income	Marginal rates	CAD fair market value at the time; any reasonable method, used consistently	Capital gain, one-half inclusion. ACB averaged across identical property
France	Not stated (receipt or later sale)	Non-commercial profits (BNC)	Progressive scale (barème)	Not stated	Occasional disposal: flat tax (PFU) 31.4% (Notice 2086)
Germany	On receipt. Simplification: at claiming; unclaimed rewards at the latest at year end (Rz 48, 48a)	Passive staking: other income §22 Nr. 3. Sustained mining: business income §15. Non-sustained mining: §22 Nr. 3 (Rz 35–48a)	Progressive. Basic allowance 2026 EUR 12,348; top rate 45% from EUR 277,826. §22 Nr. 3 income below EUR 256 a year not taxed (cliff)	EUR market value at receipt (Rz 48). Second-accurate or documented daily price (Rz 43, 91)	Private sale §23. New one-year clock from receipt (Rz 54, 75). No 10-year extension for staked coins (Rz 63). EUR 1,000 Freigrenze
Indonesia	Mining: tax year 2026 onward under general income tax (PMK 50/2025)	Mining: general income (Article 17). Staking: "taxable object"	Mining 2026: 5% to 35%. To 31-07-2025: 0.1% final + 1.1% VAT. 01-08-2025 to 31-12-2025: 2.2% VAT	—	Final PPh 22 on gross value: 0.21% domestic platform, 1% foreign platform (DJP, PMK 50/2025)
Ireland	Revenue's crypto manual is silent	—	If income: 20% on first EUR 44,000 (2026), 40% above; USC	—	CGT 33% to 06-10-2026, 31% from 07-10-2026 (Walkers, Arthur Cox). EUR 1,270 annual exemption
Netherlands	Mining: usually not reported	Box 3 asset by default. Box 1 "other activities" if mining proceeds exceed costs or extra work yields income	Box 3: deemed return 5.88% (2025), 6.00% (2026) on 1 January value, taxed at 36%. Box 1 2026: 35.75% to 49.50%	Box 3: value on 1 January	No gains tax in Box 3
Nigeria	2026: on receipt	Income; cost base stepped up to receipt value	Progressive PIT 0% to 25% (PwC summary). 10% WHT if paid through a licensed VASP	USD fair market value × CBN/NAFEM rate on receipt date	Gain over stepped-up cost, in total income at PIT rates. VASP withholds 1% of gross proceeds, creditable (Infusion Lawyers)
Singapore	Mining, individual hobby: never. Mining, habitual and systematic: at disposal, not at mining (Annex A 1D). Staking: not addressed in the IRAS e-Tax Guide	Hobby: not income. Habitual: revenue (Annex A 1D)	If taxable: resident 0% on first S$20,000, top 24% above S$1,000,000	No prescribed method. Reasonable, verifiable, consistent (para 5.4)	No capital gains tax. Taxable only if trading
South Africa	Earlier of receipt or accrual, usually wallet credit (draft guide)	Gross income. Mining is always a trade; staking same as mining	2026/27: 18% to 45%	Market value at receipt	Capital (40% inclusion, max effective 18%) or revenue (Budget Tax Guide 2026, draft guide). R50,000 annual exclusion 2026/27 (SARS)
Switzerland	On receipt (ESTV)	Pool staking: income from movable assets (Art. 20 para. 1 DBG). Own validator and mining: self-employment income if criteria met (Art. 18 para. 1 DBG)	Federal + cantonal + communal; varies by canton	CHF value at receipt. Zug: value on day of legal entitlement	Private gain tax-free (working paper). Coins held: cantonal wealth tax at 31 December, Kursliste value
United Kingdom	On receipt (mining)	Non-trade: miscellaneous income, expenses deductible. Trade: trade receipts (CRYPTO21150, CRYPTO21200)	20% to £37,700, 40% to £125,140, 45% above, after £12,570 personal allowance	GBP value at receipt	CGT 18% / 24%. £3,000 annual exempt amount. s104 pool
United States	Staking: when the taxpayer gains dominion and control. Mining: on receipt	Ordinary income. Mining in a trade or business: also self-employment tax	Ordinary rates 10% to 37% (Topic 409)	USD fair market value at the date and time of receipt (Notice 2014-21)	Basis = income amount. Held one year or less: 10% to 37%. More than one year: 0 / 15 / 20% (Rev. Proc. 2025-32, Rev. Proc. 2024-40). NIIT 3.8% above thresholds

Liquid staking tokens (receipt, rebasing, redemption) are not addressed by the official sources for any of the 13 countries. Rev. Rul. 2023-14 covers native proof-of-stake rewards only.

Patterns#

Taxed at receipt as income#

Country	Character	Valuation point
Australia	Ordinary income	Receipt
Canada	Business income (mining) or income (exchange staking)	Earned / credited
Germany	§22 Nr. 3 or §15 business income (Rz 35–48a)	Receipt or claiming
Indonesia (mining, from tax year 2026)	General income, Article 17 (PMK 50/2025)	—
Nigeria (2026)	Income	Receipt, CBN/NAFEM rate
South Africa	Gross income	Earlier of receipt or accrual
Switzerland	Movable-asset income or self-employment income	Receipt
United Kingdom	Miscellaneous income or trade receipts (CRYPTO21150, CRYPTO21200)	Receipt
United States	Ordinary income (Notice 2014-21, Rev. Rul. 2023-14)	Dominion and control (staking), receipt (mining)

Taxed only on disposal#

Country	Scope
Singapore	Habitual and systematic individual mining, and company mining: taxed at disposal. Hobby mining: not taxed (Annex A 1D)
Netherlands	No income event on receipt and no gains tax on sale for Box 3 holders; covered by the deemed-return pattern below

Deemed return or wealth tax#

Country	Mechanism	Valuation date	Rate
Netherlands	Box 3 deemed return on other assets, incl. crypto	1 January	5.88% (2025), 6.00% (2026) return × 36%
Switzerland	Cantonal wealth tax, on top of income tax at receipt (working paper)	31 December	Cantonal; Kursliste value

Withholding at source#

Country	Withholding	Rate
Nigeria (2026)	Staking, mining, airdrop, DeFi income paid through a licensed VASP	10%
Nigeria (2026)	Disposal proceeds via a VASP, creditable (Infusion Lawyers)	1% of gross
Indonesia (to 31-07-2025)	Mining, final income tax	0.1% + 1.1% VAT
Indonesia	Disposal on a platform, final PPh 22 (DJP, PMK 50/2025)	0.21% domestic, 1% foreign

No official rule found#

Country	Gap
Ireland	Staking and mining income tax treatment
France	Tax point and valuation of BNC staking income
Indonesia	Staking tax point, valuation, rate
Canada	Own-validator, DeFi and liquid staking
Singapore	Staking
Netherlands	Staking

What HQ Wealth needs to record#

Data point	Why	Countries
Receipt timestamp (date and time)	Tax point and price lookup	AU, CA, DE (Rz 43), NG, ZA, CH, UK, US
Claim / entitlement / unlock timestamp, separate from accrual	Tax point can differ from accrual	DE (claiming, year-end fallback; Rz 48a), ZA (earlier of receipt or accrual), CH Zug (legal entitlement), US (dominion and control)
Market value in local currency at the tax point	Income amount	AU, CA, DE (Rz 48), ZA, CH, UK, US
USD value and FX rate used, with rate source	Two-step conversion	NG (CBN/NAFEM rate)
Price source and method (exchange, aggregator, daily close or time-exact)	Must be reasonable, documented, consistent	DE (Rz 43, 91), CA, SG (para 5.4)
Pool / platform vs own validator vs mining	Changes income character	CH (Art. 20 vs Art. 18 DBG), DE (passive staking vs mining; Rz 35–48), CA (exchange vs other)
Activity scale indicators (frequency, organisation, risk, commerciality)	Trade / business / self-employment test	UK (staking), DE (Rz 35–43), SG (Annex A 1D), CH, NL
Direct costs (hardware, software, power, fees)	Deductible against the income	DE (non-sustained mining; Rz 45, 47), UK (non-trade; staking), CH (Art. 32 para. 1 DBG). SG hobby: not deductible (Annex A 1D)
Reward lot cost basis = income value	Avoids double tax on later sale	AU, DE (Rz 54, 75), NG, US
Reward lot acquisition date	Holding-period tests	DE (new one-year clock; Rz 54, 75), AU (12-month discount), US (one year)
Annual §22 Nr. 3 total	EUR 256 cliff test	DE
Withholding deducted, payer and VASP licence status	WHT credit	NG
Platform domestic or foreign	Disposal rate 0.21% vs 1%	ID
Holdings value on 1 January	Box 3 base	NL (2026 provisional assessment)
Holdings value on 31 December, Kursliste or platform price	Wealth tax	CH (working paper, Zug)
Rewards summed per currency per year	Securities-list declaration	CH (Zug)
Liquid staking token link to underlying stake	Treatment unknown	All
Slashing events	No fixed rule	ZA

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